I'm sorry, hun. It sounds like you didn't O from the Clomid.
That's not really surprising since you were on such an incredibly low dose. They'll up your dose next time, I'm sure.
When you ovulate, your temp will go up- no matter if it's natural O, or Clomid/Femara induced. Clomid O usually spikes even higher than a regular O since progesterone is usually higher with medicated ovulation.
The temp spike happens because of progesterone in your system. The progesterone comes from the follicle that released the egg. If an egg is released, you will get progesterone, that's just how it works. (Unless you have IVF with certain triggers- but that's a totally different thing.)
And a tiny rant:
It pisses me off that Dr's go around giving out Clomid and then not monitoring its use. Seriously, that stuff comes along with all sorts of problemsL It can thin ouw your uterine lining so much that embryos can't implant, it affects your hormones for up to three months after you finish taking it, it causes OHSS in some women who are more sensitive to hormones which can lead to hospitalization.... heck, Clomid even brings with it a higher risk of miscarriage! If a doctor isn't going to bother with monitoring, he/she should at least go with Femara since it doesn't do half the negative things that Clomid does.
If your doctor doesn't want to monitor your Clomid cycles, I'd honestly go see someone else. There is no way you can tell what it's doing to you without monitoring. That's just the truth.