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I hope this helps rather than confuses you more.
Two-Part systems (meaning you buy and use the absorbent part and the waterproof part separately)
First up are your basic, old fashioned diapers.
Terry flats are basicqlly a square towel that you can fold in various ways to adjust the absorbency and fit as needed. More complex than any other system, but lots of people do like them, and they,re by far the most economical option. Secure with pins or a snappi (shown below) and put on a waterproof cover.
Prefolds are rectangles that are sewn with a couple of layers together and an extra layer in the middle third. The easiest way to use them is to pad fold into thirds and place insideva cover which you then put on baby. Alternatively tthey can also be put on the baby with various folds, secured with a snappi and then the cover goes on after (more secure for poo)
Terry flat and prefold, unfolded:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_132739.jpg
Terry flat folded and secured with a snappi:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133002.jpg
Prefold pad folded and placed into a waterproof cover.
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133036.jpg
Fitted diapers are the third type of non-waterproofed diaper. They're just the absorbent part, but shaped to look and fit like a diaper with leg and waist elastic. They can come with velcro, snaps, or with the need to be secured with a snappi. Great for containing newborn poo as they have elastic legs and so do the covers, so it's harder to escape. Like the flats and prefolds they're more economical as you only need a few waterproof covers.
Fitted diaper with velcro closure:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_134131.jpg
One-Part systems (meaning the waterproof part and absorbent part have to get washed with every use. Some assembly may be required but it's not the same as an actual two part system)
Pocket Diapers
As the name suggests, these have a pocket that you stuff with the absorbent insert. It's an empty shell that has a waterproof outer layer and usually microfleece or something similar that keeps the baby's bum dry, and the insert gets stuffed in between those layers. Can be velcro (as Huggles' are) or snaps (as mine are) to close. As Huggles mentioned, these are great for adding absorbency as you need it. My inserts are made of three layers of bamboo fabric and I usually only need one.
Inside of the unstuffed pocket diaper with the pocket part showing:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133516.jpg
Insert half stuffed into the pocket:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133545.jpg
All-In-One/AIO
As the name suggests, these are the waterproof and absorbent part sewn together. They're the easiest system to use as there's no assembly required. The drawback with these is they take longer to dry and they're also the most expensive as you can't get away with reusing any covers etc. They're the most like a disposable though - just put on and take off as normal, the only difference is you're putting it into a pail to wash later instead of throwing out
I have two photo examples for you. Unfortunately I grabbed red in both types. The first is a traditional AIO where all the layers are sewn together and it takes ages to dry.
Done up:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133109-1.jpg
Opened out:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133131-1.jpg
The second type has half of the absorbent part sewn inside and the other half as a sewn-in flap that makes it a bit quicker to dry.
Done up:https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133236.jpg
Opened up:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133302-1.jpg
Flap open for easy drying:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133251.jpg
All-in-Two(AI2)/Snap-in-One(SIO)
The absorbent part of AI2s is separate to the waterproof outer shell and snaps apart for washing and drying. The one I'm showing is a bit more complicated than other AI2s can be but it's the only one I have (and colour coordinated so not really that bad, honestly). They can be a bit cheaper than an AIO because the shells dry faster than the inserts so if you have extra inserts you can re-use the shell as soon as it's dry.
Done up:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133313-1.jpg
Open: https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133339.jpg
Snapped fully apart:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133423.jpg
Other bits
Covers can be made of PUL (polyurathane laminate), fleece, or wool. Here's a fleece one and a PUL one. They go over the flats, fitteds or prefolds to make them waterproof and can be snaps or velcro closures.
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_134213.jpg
Liners line the diaper to make it easier to clean up the poo. They can be disposable/flushable, or cloth. Cloth ones are typically made of microfleece which acts as a stay-dry layer to repel wee away from the skin and keep baby's bum dry. Obviously they need to be washed rather than tossed, but it's easier to rinse off a small piece of fabric than the whole diaper. Disposable/flushable ones can just be flushed away, but they do keep baby's bum wetter.
Three shapes/sizes of fleece liners, and a flushable one with the roll:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_134102-1.jpg
There are also lay-in boosters, which add extra absorbency without extra bulk. I don't have a photo of any of those.
With cloth you will also need a couple of wetbags which you can throw the dirty diapers (and soiled clothes too) into until it's time to wash them. Zippers or drawstrings available. Zippers contain the smells better though. Again, I don't have a picture.
Cloth diapers also come in a wide range of sizes. Besides small (sometimes extra small/newborn depending on the brand), medium, large or one size fits most (OSFM/OSFA) there can be a lot of discrepency between sizes.
Here's a picture of one of every kind of diaper I own side by side to show you what I mean.
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_134632.jpg
Besides the pink butterflies one which is OSFM, and the bottom orange one which is medium, they're all rated as smalls. So you can see that some brands are bulkier than others, and a trim OSFM can fit a small baby sooner than some supposedly small diapers too!
I didn't cover one-size-fits-most as Huggles's photos of Logan show pretty clearly how they work with the adjustable snaps to make them bigger/smaller as needed.
Two-Part systems (meaning you buy and use the absorbent part and the waterproof part separately)
First up are your basic, old fashioned diapers.
Terry flats are basicqlly a square towel that you can fold in various ways to adjust the absorbency and fit as needed. More complex than any other system, but lots of people do like them, and they,re by far the most economical option. Secure with pins or a snappi (shown below) and put on a waterproof cover.
Prefolds are rectangles that are sewn with a couple of layers together and an extra layer in the middle third. The easiest way to use them is to pad fold into thirds and place insideva cover which you then put on baby. Alternatively tthey can also be put on the baby with various folds, secured with a snappi and then the cover goes on after (more secure for poo)
Terry flat and prefold, unfolded:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_132739.jpg
Terry flat folded and secured with a snappi:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133002.jpg
Prefold pad folded and placed into a waterproof cover.
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133036.jpg
Fitted diapers are the third type of non-waterproofed diaper. They're just the absorbent part, but shaped to look and fit like a diaper with leg and waist elastic. They can come with velcro, snaps, or with the need to be secured with a snappi. Great for containing newborn poo as they have elastic legs and so do the covers, so it's harder to escape. Like the flats and prefolds they're more economical as you only need a few waterproof covers.
Fitted diaper with velcro closure:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_134131.jpg
One-Part systems (meaning the waterproof part and absorbent part have to get washed with every use. Some assembly may be required but it's not the same as an actual two part system)
Pocket Diapers
As the name suggests, these have a pocket that you stuff with the absorbent insert. It's an empty shell that has a waterproof outer layer and usually microfleece or something similar that keeps the baby's bum dry, and the insert gets stuffed in between those layers. Can be velcro (as Huggles' are) or snaps (as mine are) to close. As Huggles mentioned, these are great for adding absorbency as you need it. My inserts are made of three layers of bamboo fabric and I usually only need one.
Inside of the unstuffed pocket diaper with the pocket part showing:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133516.jpg
Insert half stuffed into the pocket:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133545.jpg
All-In-One/AIO
As the name suggests, these are the waterproof and absorbent part sewn together. They're the easiest system to use as there's no assembly required. The drawback with these is they take longer to dry and they're also the most expensive as you can't get away with reusing any covers etc. They're the most like a disposable though - just put on and take off as normal, the only difference is you're putting it into a pail to wash later instead of throwing out

I have two photo examples for you. Unfortunately I grabbed red in both types. The first is a traditional AIO where all the layers are sewn together and it takes ages to dry.
Done up:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133109-1.jpg
Opened out:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133131-1.jpg
The second type has half of the absorbent part sewn inside and the other half as a sewn-in flap that makes it a bit quicker to dry.
Done up:https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133236.jpg
Opened up:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133302-1.jpg
Flap open for easy drying:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133251.jpg
All-in-Two(AI2)/Snap-in-One(SIO)
The absorbent part of AI2s is separate to the waterproof outer shell and snaps apart for washing and drying. The one I'm showing is a bit more complicated than other AI2s can be but it's the only one I have (and colour coordinated so not really that bad, honestly). They can be a bit cheaper than an AIO because the shells dry faster than the inserts so if you have extra inserts you can re-use the shell as soon as it's dry.
Done up:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133313-1.jpg
Open: https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133339.jpg
Snapped fully apart:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_133423.jpg
Other bits
Covers can be made of PUL (polyurathane laminate), fleece, or wool. Here's a fleece one and a PUL one. They go over the flats, fitteds or prefolds to make them waterproof and can be snaps or velcro closures.
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_134213.jpg
Liners line the diaper to make it easier to clean up the poo. They can be disposable/flushable, or cloth. Cloth ones are typically made of microfleece which acts as a stay-dry layer to repel wee away from the skin and keep baby's bum dry. Obviously they need to be washed rather than tossed, but it's easier to rinse off a small piece of fabric than the whole diaper. Disposable/flushable ones can just be flushed away, but they do keep baby's bum wetter.
Three shapes/sizes of fleece liners, and a flushable one with the roll:
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_134102-1.jpg
There are also lay-in boosters, which add extra absorbency without extra bulk. I don't have a photo of any of those.
With cloth you will also need a couple of wetbags which you can throw the dirty diapers (and soiled clothes too) into until it's time to wash them. Zippers or drawstrings available. Zippers contain the smells better though. Again, I don't have a picture.
Cloth diapers also come in a wide range of sizes. Besides small (sometimes extra small/newborn depending on the brand), medium, large or one size fits most (OSFM/OSFA) there can be a lot of discrepency between sizes.
Here's a picture of one of every kind of diaper I own side by side to show you what I mean.
https://i11.photobucket.com/albums/a175/Roshinda/Saranna/IMG_20120415_134632.jpg
Besides the pink butterflies one which is OSFM, and the bottom orange one which is medium, they're all rated as smalls. So you can see that some brands are bulkier than others, and a trim OSFM can fit a small baby sooner than some supposedly small diapers too!
I didn't cover one-size-fits-most as Huggles's photos of Logan show pretty clearly how they work with the adjustable snaps to make them bigger/smaller as needed.